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Micron Document

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<title>Monarchy</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Monarchy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Monarchy (disambiguation)">Monarchy (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the Politics series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li>

<li><a href="Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Lordship" title="Lordship">Lordship</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li>

<li><a href="Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li>

<li><a href="Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<dl><dt>Philosophers</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>

<li><a href="Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li>

<li><a href="Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li>

<li><a href="Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Works</dt></dl>

<ul><li><i><a href="De_regno%2C_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1313)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1576)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1651)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1680)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1796)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Democracy%3A_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis%2C_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li>

<li><a href="Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li>

<li><a href="Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89lie%2C_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li>

<li><a href="Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li>

<li><a href="Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li>

<li><a href="Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Eighty_Years'_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li>

<li><a href="Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li>

<li><a href="5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li>

<li><a href="1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="Modern_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a>

<ul><li><a href="Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li>

<li><a href="Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a>

<ul><li><a href="Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li>

<li><a href="Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li>

<li><a href="Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_despotism" title="Legal despotism">Legal despotism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">France</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li>

<li><a href="Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Germany</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Bavaria</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Low Countries

<ul><li><a href="Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Dutch Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangism_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Orangism (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Netherland</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li>Portugal

<ul><li><a href="Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li>Spain

<ul><li><a href="Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom

<ul><li><a href="Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Monarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a>

<ul><li><a href="Royal_consort" title="Royal consort">Consort</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li>

<li>Heir

<ul><li><a href="Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li>

<li><a href="Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a>

<li><a href="Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li>

<li><a href="Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a>

<li><a href="Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li>

<li><a href="Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li>

<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li>

<li><a href="Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li>

<li>Service

<ul><li>(<a href="Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li>

<li><a href="Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="Country" title="Country">Country</a></li>

<li><a href="Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li>

<li><a href="Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Election" title="Election">Elections</a>

<ul><li><a href="Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Government" title="Government">Government</a>

<ul><li>(<a href="List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<p>A <b>monarchy</b> is a <a href="Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> in which a person, the <a href="Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>, <a href="Reign" title="Reign">reigns</a> as <a href="Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> for the rest of their life, or until <a href="Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a>. The extent of the authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (<a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>), to fully <a href="Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> (<a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>), and may have <a href="Political_representation" title="Political representation">representational</a>, <a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, and <a href="Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> functions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a> of monarchs has mostly been <a href="Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a>, often building <a href="Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties">dynasties</a>; however, monarchies can also be <a href="Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective</a> and <a href="Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">self-proclaimed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocrats</a>, though not inherent to monarchies, often function as the pool of persons from which the monarch is chosen, and to fill the constituting institutions (e.g. <a href="Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a> and <a href="Royal_court" title="Royal court">court</a>), giving many monarchies <a href="Oligarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchic">oligarchic</a> elements. The <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> of the inherited, elected or proclaimed monarchy has most often been based on claims of <a href="Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">representation of people</a> and land through some form of relation (e.g. <a href="Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>) and <a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a> or other <a href="Achieved_status" title="Achieved status">achieved status</a>.

</p><p>Monarchs can carry various titles such as <a href="Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>, <a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">empress</a>, <a href="King" title="King">king</a>, and <a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a>. Monarchies can form <a href="Federation" title="Federation">federations</a>, <a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal unions</a>, and <a href="Realm" title="Realm">realms</a> with <a href="Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> through personal association with the monarch, which is a common reason for monarchs carrying several titles. Some countries have preserved titles such as "<b>kingdom</b>" while dispensing with an official serving monarch (note the example of <a href="Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> from 1947 to 1975) or while relying on a long-term <a href="Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> (as in the case of Hungary in the <a href="Horthy_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Horthy era">Horthy era</a> from 1920 to 1944).

</p><p>Monarchies were the most common form of government until the 20th century, when republics <a href="Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">replaced many monarchies</a>, notably at the end of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. As of 2024, <a href="List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">forty-three sovereign nations</a> in the world have a monarch, including fifteen <a href="Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> that share <a href="Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> as their head of state. Other than that, there is a range of <a href="List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">sub-national monarchical entities</a>. Most of the modern monarchies are constitutional monarchies, retaining under a <a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> unique legal and ceremonial roles for monarchs exercising limited or no political power, similar to heads of state in a <a href="Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="King_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="King (title)">King (title)</a>, <a href="Rex_(title)" title="Rex (title)">Rex (title)</a>, and <a href="Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a></div>

<p>The word "monarch" (Late Latin: <i lang="la">monarchia</i>) comes from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw external" title="wikt:μονάρχης">μονάρχης</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">monárkhēs</i></span>), derived from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw external" title="wikt:μόνος">μόνος</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mónos</i></span>, "one, single") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%81%CF%87%CF%89" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ἄρχω">ἄρχω</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">árkhō</i></span>, "to rule"): compare <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%81%CF%87%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ἄρχων">ἄρχων</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="Archon" title="Archon">árkhōn</a></i></span>, "ruler, chief"). It referred to a single, at least, nominally, absolute ruler. In current usage the word <i>monarchy</i> usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule, as elective monarchies are quite rare.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The similar form of societal hierarchy known as <a href="Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a> or <a href="Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tribal kingship</a> is prehistoric. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such as <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> and the <a href="Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kottak1991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kottak1991-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the world, chiefdoms became monarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-BoahenAjayi1986_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoahenAjayi1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the oldest recorded and evidenced monarchies were <a href="Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a>, <a href="Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Ancient Egypt <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100 BCE</span>, and <a href="Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a>, a <a href="Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> King of <a href="Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2600 BCE</span>.

</p><p>From earliest records, monarchs could be directly hereditary, while others were elected from among eligible members. With the <a href="Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Egyptian</a>, <a href="Outline_of_ancient_China" title="Outline of ancient China">Chinese</a>, <a href="Outline_of_ancient_India" title="Outline of ancient India">Indian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Lugal" title="Lugal">Mesopotamian</a>, <a href="Sudanic_languages" title="Sudanic languages">Sudanic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reconstructed <a href="Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>, and others, the monarch held <a href="Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">sacral functions</a> directly connected to <a href="Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> and was sometimes identified with having <a href="Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">divine ancestry</a>, possibly establishing a notion of the <a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>.

</p><p><a href="Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> identified monarchy as one of three "benign" basic forms of government (monarchy, <a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, and <a href="Democracy#Origins" title="Democracy">democracy</a>), opposed to the three "malignant" basic forms of government (<a href="Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a>, <a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, and <a href="Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">ochlocracy</a>). The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as "<a href="King" title="King">king</a>" or "ruler" (translating <i><a href="Archon" title="Archon">archon</a></i>, <i><a href="Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>, <i><a href="Rex_(title)" title="Rex (title)">rex</a></i>, <i><a href="Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrannos</a></i>, etc.) or as "<a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a>" (<i><a href="Basilinna" title="Basilinna">basilinna</a></i>, <i>basilissa</i>, <i>basileia</i> or <i>basilis</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>regina</i>). Polybius originally understood monarchy<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a component of <a href="Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>, but since antiquity monarchy has contrasted with forms of republic, where executive power is wielded by free citizens and their assemblies. The 4th-century BCE Hindu text <i><a href="Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthasastra</a></i> laid out the ethics of monarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, some monarchies were <a href="Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolished</a> in favour of such assemblies in <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> (<a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, 509 BCE), and <a href="History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a> (<a href="Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, 500 BCE).

</p>

<p>By the 17th century, monarchy was challenged by evolving <a href="Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarism</a> e.g. through regional assemblies (such as the <a href="Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a>, the Swiss <i><a href="Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></i> and later <i><a href="Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a></i>, and the High Medieval <a href="Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communal movement</a> linked to the rise of medieval <a href="Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a>) and by modern anti-monarchism e.g. of the temporary overthrow of the <a href="Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">English monarchy</a> by the <a href="Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> in 1649, the <a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> of 1776 and the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789. One of many opponents of that trend was <a href="Elizabeth_Dawbarn" title="Elizabeth Dawbarn">Elizabeth Dawbarn</a>, whose anonymous <i>Dialogue between Clara Neville and Louisa Mills, on Loyalty</i> (1794) features "silly Louisa, who admires liberty, <a href="Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Tom Paine</a> and the US, [who is] lectured by Clara on God's approval of monarchy" and on the influence women can exert on men.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since then advocacy of the abolition of a monarchy or respectively of <a href="Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> has been called <a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, while the advocacy of monarchies is called <a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a>. As such republics have become the opposing and alternative form of government to monarchy,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite some having seen <a href="President_for_life#Similarity_to_a_monarch" title="President for life">infringements</a> through lifelong or even hereditary heads of state, such as in <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With the rise of republicanism, a diverse division between republicanism developed in the 19th-century politics (such as anti-monarchist <a href="Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicalism</a>) and <a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> or even <a href="Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a>. In the following 20th century many countries abolished the monarchy and became republics, especially in the wake of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.

</p><p>Today forty-three sovereign nations in the world have a <a href="List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">monarch</a>, including fifteen <a href="Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> that have <a href="Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as the head of state. Most modern monarchs are <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchs</a>, who retain a unique legal and ceremonial role but exercise limited or no political power under a constitution. Many are so-called <a href="Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">crowned republics</a>, surviving particularly in small states.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In some nations, however, such as <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, and <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, the hereditary monarch has more political influence than any other single source of authority in the state, even if it is by a constitutional mandate.

</p><p>According to a 2020 study, monarchy arose as a system of governance because of an efficiency in governing large populations and expansive territories during periods when coordinating such populations was difficult. The authors argue that monarchy declined as an efficient regime type with innovations in communications and transportation technology, as the efficiency of monarchy relative to other regime types declined.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to a 2023 study, monarchy has persisted as a regime type because it can accommodate demands for <a href="Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> better than other forms of autocratic rule: "Monarchies can democratize without destabilizing the leadership through transitioning to a democratic <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. The prospect of retaining the ruler appeals to opposition groups who value both democracy and stability, but it also has implications for their ability to organize and sustain mass protest."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_role">Characteristics and role</h2></div>

<p>Monarchies are associated with <a href="Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary reign</a>, in which monarchs reign for life<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the responsibilities and power of the position pass to their child or another member of their family when they die. Most monarchs, both historically and in the modern-day, have been born and brought up within a <a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a>, the centre of the <a href="Royal_household" title="Royal household">royal household</a> and <a href="Royal_court" title="Royal court">court</a>. Growing up in a royal family (called a <a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> when it continues for several <a href="Generation" title="Generation">generations</a>), <a href="Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">future monarchs</a> are often trained for their expected future responsibilities as monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Different systems of hereditary <a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a> have been used, such as <a href="Proximity_of_blood" title="Proximity of blood">proximity of blood</a>, <a href="Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, and <a href="Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">agnatic seniority</a> (<a href="Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>). While most monarchs in history have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a>" refers to a ruling monarch, while "<a href="Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>" refers to the wife of a reigning king. Rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy: there have been some family dictatorships<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and also <a href="Political_family" title="Political family">political families</a>) in many <a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the immediate continuity of leadership (as evidenced in the classic phrase "<a href="The_king_is_dead%2C_long_live_the_king!" title="The king is dead, long live the king!">The King is dead. Long live the King!</a>").

</p><p>Some monarchies are not hereditary. In an <a href="Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, monarchs are <a href="Election" title="Election">elected</a> or appointed by some body (an <a href="Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>) for life or a defined period. Four elective monarchies exist today: <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> are 20th-century creations, while one (the <a href="Pope" title="Pope">papacy</a>) is ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <a href="Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">self-proclaimed monarchy</a> is established when a person claims the monarchy without any historical ties to a previous dynasty. There are examples of republican leaders who have proclaimed themselves monarchs: <a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I of France</a> declared himself <a href="List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">Emperor of the French</a> and ruled the <a href="First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> after having held the title of <a href="French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">First Consul</a> of the <a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> for five years from his seizing power in the coup of <a href="Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a>. President <a href="Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Jean-Bédel Bokassa</a> of the <a href="Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> declared himself Emperor of the <a href="Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, the first formal President of the <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, crowned himself Emperor of the short-lived "<a href="Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China</a>" a few years after the Republic of China was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_of_the_monarch">Powers of the monarch</h3></div>

<ul><li>In an <a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, the monarch rules as an <a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>, with absolute power over the state and government—for example, the right to <a href="Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>, promulgate <a href="Law" title="Law">laws</a>, and impose <a href="Punishment" title="Punishment">punishments</a>.</li>

<li>In a <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, the monarch's power is subject to a <a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>. In most current constitutional monarchies, the monarch is mainly a ceremonial <a href="Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of national unity and state continuity. Although nominally <a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, the electorate (through the <a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>) exercises political sovereignty. Constitutional monarchs' <a href="Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">political power</a> is limited. Typical monarchical powers include granting <a href="Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a>, granting <a href="Honor_system" title="Honor system">honours</a>, and <a href="Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>, e.g. to dismiss the <a href="Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, refuse to dissolve parliament, or <a href="Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> legislation ("withhold <a href="Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal Assent</a>"). They often also have privileges of inviolability and <a href="Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a>. A monarch's powers and influence will depend on tradition, precedent, popular opinion, and <a href="Law" title="Law">law</a>.

<ul><li><a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchies</a> exhibit fewer parliamentary powers or simply monarchs with more authority.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "parliamentary monarchy" may be used to differentiate from semi-constitutional monarchies.</li></ul></li>

<li>Monarchical reign has often been linked with <a href="Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military authority</a>. In the late <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> several times deposed <a href="Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> and installed new emperors. Similarly, in the <a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, the <a href="Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmans</a> (slave soldiers) deposed Caliphs once they became prominent, allowing new ones to come to power. The Hellenistic kings of <a href="Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> and of <a href="Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> were elected by the army, which was similar in composition to the <i><a href="Ecclesia_(ancient_Greece)" title="Ecclesia (ancient Greece)">ecclesia</a></i> of <a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, the council of all free citizens; military service was often linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house. The military has dominated the monarch in modern <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and in <a href="History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">medieval Japan</a> (where a hereditary military chief, the <i><a href="Shogun" title="Shogun">shōgun</a></i>, was the <i>de facto</i> ruler, although the <a href="Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japanese emperor</a> nominally reigned). In <a href="Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>, the <a href="House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> monarchy under King <a href="Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> coexisted with the <a href="National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Fascist</a> single-party rule of <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>; <a href="Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> under the <a href="Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> and <a href="Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> during the first months of the <a href="Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Colonels' regime</a> were similar. <a href="Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Francisco Franco</a> was officially a monarchy, although there was no monarch on the throne. Upon his death, Franco was succeeded as head of state by the <a href="House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> heir, <a href="Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>, and <a href="Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spain became a democracy</a> with the king as a figurehead constitutional monarch.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Person_of_monarch">Person of monarch</h3></div>

<p>Most monarchies only have a single person acting as monarch at any given time, although two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, a situation known as <a href="Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>. Historically this was the case in the ancient <a href="Polis" title="Polis">Greek city-state</a> of <a href="Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. There are examples of joint sovereignty of spouses, parent and child or other relatives (such as <a href="William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> in the kingdoms of <a href="Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsars</a> <a href="Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V of Russia</a>, and <a href="Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> and <a href="Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>).

</p><p><a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> currently is the world's only constitutional diarchy, a co-principality. Located in the <a href="Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> between <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, it has two co-princes: the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">bishop of Urgell</a> in Spain (a <a href="Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishop</a>) and the <a href="President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> (derived <i>ex officio</i> from the French kings, who themselves inherited the title from the counts of Foix). It is the only case in which an independent country's (co-)monarch is <a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">democratically</a> elected by the citizens of another country.

</p><p>In a <a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, separate independent states share the same person as monarch, but each realm retains separate laws and government. The fifteen separate <a href="Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> are sometimes described as being in a personal union with King Charles III as monarch. However, they can also be described as being in a shared monarchy.

</p><p>A <a href="Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> may rule when the monarch is a <a href="Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a>, absent, or debilitated.

</p><p>A <a href="Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> is a claimant to an abolished throne or a throne already occupied by somebody else.

</p><p><a href="Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a> is the act of formally giving up one's monarchical power and status.

</p><p>Monarchs may mark the ceremonial beginning of their reigns with a <a href="Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> or <a href="Enthronement" title="Enthronement">enthronement</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_monarch">Role of monarch</h3></div>

<p>Monarchy, especially absolute monarchy, is sometimes linked to <a href="Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> aspects; many monarchs once claimed the right to rule by the will of a <a href="Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> (<a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine Right of Kings</a>, <a href="Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>), or a special connection to a deity (<a href="Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">sacred king</a>), or even purported to be divine kings, or <a href="Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnations</a> of deities themselves (<a href="Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">imperial cult</a>). Many European monarchs have been styled <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Fidei defensor</a></i></span> (Defender of the Faith); some hold official positions relating to the <a href="State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> or established church.

</p><p>In the Western political tradition, a morally based, balanced monarchy was stressed as the ideal form of government, and little attention was paid to modern-day ideals of egalitarian democracy: e.g. <a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a> unapologetically declared: "Tyranny is wont to occur not less but more frequently on the basis of polyarchy [rule by many, i.e. oligarchy or democracy] than on the basis of monarchy." (<i>On Kingship</i>). However, Thomas Aquinas also stated that the ideal monarchical system would also have at lower levels of government both an aristocracy and elements of democracy in order to create a balance of power. The monarch would also be subject to both natural and divine law, and to the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> in matters of religion.

</p><p>In <a href="Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i>De Monarchia</i>, a spiritualised, imperial Catholic monarchy is strongly promoted according to a <a href="Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibelline</a> world-view in which the "royal religion of <a href="Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>" is emphasised against the priestly claims of the rival papal ideology.

</p><p>In <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">king</a> is a head of state who is both the absolute monarch of the country and the <a href="Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a> of Islam (خادم الحرمين الشريفين).

</p><p>The roles of monarchs can overlap with other monarchies through <a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> or <a href="Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a>, with maybe becoming institutional <a href="Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> and possibly a larger <a href="Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal</a>, <a href="Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">composite</a> or <a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> monarchy, <a href="Realm" title="Realm">realm</a> and state.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_of_monarchs">Titles of monarchs</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></div>

<p>Monarchs can have various <a href="Title" title="Title">titles</a>. Common European titles of monarchs (in that hierarchical order of nobility) are <a href="Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a> or empress (from <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i><a href="Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i> or <i>imperatrix</i>), <a href="King" title="King">king</a> or <a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a>, <a href="Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand duke</a> or grand duchess, <a href="Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> or <a href="Princess" title="Princess">princess</a>, <a href="Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> or duchess.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> European titles (especially in German states) included <a href="Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">elector</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürst</i></span>, Prince-Elector, literally "electing prince"), <a href="Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Markgraf</i></span>, equivalent to the French title <i>marquis</i>, literally "count of the borderland"), and <a href="Burgrave" title="Burgrave">burgrave</a> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Burggraf</i></span>, literally "count of the castle"). Lesser titles include <a href="Count" title="Count">count</a> and <a href="Graf" title="Graf">princely count</a>. Slavic titles include <a href="Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a> and <a href="Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> (ц︢рь) or <a href="Tsarina" title="Tsarina">tsaritsa</a> (царица), a word derived from the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman imperial</a> title <i><a href="Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>.

</p><p>In the <a href="Muslim_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, titles of monarchs include <a href="Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> (successor to the Islamic prophet <a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and a leader of the entire Muslim community), <a href="Padishah" title="Padishah">padishah</a> (emperor), <a href="Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> or <a href="Sultana_(title)" title="Sultana (title)">sultana</a>, <a href="Shah" title="Shah">shâhanshâh</a> (emperor), <a href="Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>, <a href="Malik" title="Malik">malik</a> (king) or <a href="Malik" title="Malik">malikah</a> (queen), <a href="Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> (commander, prince) or <a href="Emir" title="Emir">emira</a> (princess), <a href="Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> or <a href="Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikha</a>, <a href="Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> (used in <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>). East Asian titles of monarchs include <a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China"><i>huángdì</i></a> (emperor) or <i>nǚhuáng</i> (empress regnant), <a href="Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven"><i>tiānzǐ</i></a> (son of heaven), <i><a href="Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">tennō</a></i> (emperor) or <i><a href="Josei_Tenn%C5%8D" title="Josei Tennō">josei tennō</a></i> (empress regnant), <i><a href="Korean_nobility#Royal_titles" title="Korean nobility">wang</a></i> (king) or <i><a href="Korean_nobility#Royal_titles" title="Korean nobility">yeowang</a></i> (queen regnant), <i><a href="Emperor_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Korea">hwangje</a></i> (emperor) or <i>yeoje</i> (empress regnant). South Asian and South East Asian titles included <i><a href="Maharaja" title="Maharaja">mahārāja</a></i> (high king) or <i>maharani</i> (high queen), <i><a href="Raja" title="Raja">raja</a></i> (king) and <i><a href="Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">rana</a></i> (king) or <i><a href="Rani" title="Rani">rani</a></i> (queen) and <i>ratu</i> (South East Asian queen). Historically, <a href="Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> and <a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> monarchs have used the title <i><a href="Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></i> and <i><a href="Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a></i> (emperor) or <i><a href="Khatun" title="Khatun">khatun</a></i> and <i><a href="Khanum" title="Khanum">khanum</a></i>; <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> monarchs have used the title <i><a href="Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a></i> for men and women. In <a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>, monarchs used title <i><a href="Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">nəgusä nägäst</a></i> (king of kings) or <a href="Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia"><i>nəgəstä nägäst</i></a> (queen of kings).

</p><p>Many monarchs are addressed with particular <a href="Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">styles</a> or manners of address, like "<a href="Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a>", "<a href="Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a>", "<a href="By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a>", <i><a href="Amir_al-Mu'minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amīr al-Mu'minīn</a></i> ("Leader of the Faithful"), <i><a href="List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Hünkar-i Khanedan-i Âl-i Osman</a></i>, "Sovereign of the Sublime House of Osman"), <i><a href="Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda</a></i> ("Majesty"), <i>Jeonha</i> ("Majesty"), <i>Tennō Heika</i> (literally "His Majesty the heavenly sovereign"), <i>Bìxià</i> ("Bottom of the Steps").

</p><p>Sometimes titles are used to express claims to territories that are not held in fact (for example, <a href="English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">English claims to the French throne</a>), or titles not recognised (<a href="Antipope" title="Antipope">antipopes</a>). Also, after a monarchy is deposed, often former monarchs and their descendants are given alternative titles (the <a href="List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a> was given the hereditary title <a href="Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-sovereign_monarchies">Non-sovereign monarchies</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign monarchy</a></div>

<p>A non-sovereign monarchy is one where the monarch is subject to a temporal authority higher than their own. Some are dependent on other powers (see <a href="Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a>, <a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, <a href="Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, <a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>). In the British colonial era, <a href="Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> under a <a href="Paramount_ruler" title="Paramount ruler">paramount power</a> existed, such as the <a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> under the <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.

</p><p>In <a href="Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the ancient kingdoms and <a href="Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> that were met by the colonialists when they first arrived on the continent are now constitutionally protected as regional or sectional entities.

</p><p>Furthermore, in <a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, though the hundreds of <a href="List_of_Nigerian_traditional_states" title="List of Nigerian traditional states">sub-regional polities</a> that exist there are not provided for in the current constitution, they are nevertheless legally recognised aspects of the structure of governance that operates in the nation. For example, the <a href="Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> city-state of <a href="Akure_Kingdom" title="Akure Kingdom">Akure</a> in south-western Nigeria is something of an elective monarchy: its reigning <i><a href="Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Oba</a> <a href="Akure_Kingdom" title="Akure Kingdom">Deji</a></i> has to be chosen by an electoral college of <a href="Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">nobles</a> from amongst a finite collection of royal princes of the realm upon the death or removal of an incumbent.

</p><p>In addition to these five countries, non-sovereign monarchies of varied sizes and complexities exist all over the rest of the continent of <a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3></div>

<p>Monarchies pre-date <a href="Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> like <a href="Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even <a href="Territorial_state" title="Territorial state">territorial states</a>. A <a href="Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> or constitution is not necessary in a monarchy since a person, the monarch, binds the separate territories and <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> (e.g. in personal union) together.

</p><p>Monarchies, though, have applied <a href="National_symbol" title="National symbol">state symbols</a> like <a href="Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a> or abstracts like the concept of <a href="The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> to create a state identity, which is to be carried and occupied by the monarch, but represents the monarchy even in absence and <a href="#Succession">succession</a> of the monarch.

</p><p>Nevertheless, monarchies can also be bound to <a href="Territory" title="Territory">territories</a> (e.g., the <a href="Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">King of Norway</a>) and <a href="Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">peoples</a> (e.g., the <a href="Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King of the Belgians</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hereditary_monarchies">Hereditary monarchies</h3></div>

<p>In a <a href="Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a>, the position of monarch is inherited according to a statutory or customary <a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">order of succession</a>, usually within one <a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> tracing its origin through a historical <a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> or bloodline. This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">Primogeniture</a>, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender. Historically "agnatic primogeniture" or "patrilineal primogeniture" was favoured, that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or <a href="Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">head of family</a>, with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their male issue, to the total exclusion of females and descendants through females from succession.<sup id="cite_ref-NF_T_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NF_T-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the <a href="Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>. Another variation on agnatic primogeniture was the so-called semi-Salic law, or "agnatic-cognatic primogeniture", which allowed women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line of the particular legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-NF_T_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NF_T-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition, kings would often secure the succession by having their successor (usually their eldest son) crowned during their own lifetime, so for a time there would be two kings in <a href="Coregency" title="Coregency">coregency</a>—a senior king and a junior king. Examples were <a href="Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a> of England and the early <a href="House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Direct Capetians</a> in France. Sometimes, however, primogeniture can operate through the female line.

</p>

<p>In 1980, <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> became the first monarchy to declare equal (full cognatic) primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other kingdoms (such as the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1983, <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1990, <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> in 1991, <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 2009, and <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2011) have since followed suit. The <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> adopted absolute (equal) primogeniture (subject to the claims of existing heirs) on April 25, 2013, following <a href="Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">agreement by the prime ministers of the sixteen Commonwealth Realms</a> at the 22nd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the absence of children, the next most senior member of the collateral line (for example, a younger sibling of the previous monarch) becomes monarch. In complex cases, this can mean that there are closer blood relatives to the deceased monarch than the next in line according to primogeniture. This has often led, especially in Europe in the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, to conflict between the principle of primogeniture and the principle of <a href="Proximity_of_blood" title="Proximity of blood">proximity of blood</a>.

</p><p>Other hereditary systems of succession included <a href="Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a>, which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and <a href="Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">Agnatic seniority</a>. In some monarchies, such as <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, succession to the throne first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch's children (agnatic seniority).

</p><p>On June 21, 2017, King Salman of Saudi Arabi revolted against this style of monarchy and elected his son to inherit the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elective_monarchies">Elective monarchies</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">Jure uxoris</a></div>

<p>In an <a href="Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>, monarchs are <a href="Election" title="Election">elected</a> or appointed by somebody (an <a href="Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>) for life or a defined period, but then reign like any other monarch. There is no popular vote involved in elective monarchies, as the elective body usually consists of a small number of eligible people. Historical examples of elective monarchy are the <a href="Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperors</a> (chosen by <a href="Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> but often coming from the same dynasty) and the <a href="Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">free election</a> of kings of the <a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. For example, <a href="Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> (father of <a href="Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>) was elected <a href="List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of the Franks</a> by an assembly of Frankish leading men;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nobleman <a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> of Poland was an elected king, as was <a href="Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I of Denmark</a>. <a href="Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> and <a href="Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> also had elective monarchies.

</p><p>Six forms of elective monarchies exist today. The <a href="Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> (who rules as <a href="Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a> of the <a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a>) is <a href="Papal_conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave">elected</a> for life by the <a href="College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>. In the <a href="Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>, the <a href="List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Prince and Grand Master</a> is elected for life tenure by the Council Complete of State from within its members. In <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the federal king, called the <a href="Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> or Paramount Ruler, is elected for a five-year term from among and by the hereditary rulers (mostly <a href="Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a>) of nine of the federation's constitutive <a href="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">states</a>, all on the <a href="Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay peninsula</a>. The <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> also chooses its federal leaders from among emirs of the federated states. Furthermore, <a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> has a unique constitutional arrangement as one of its heads of state is the President of the <a href="France" title="France">French Republic</a> in the form of a <a href="Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince</a>. This is the only instance in the world where the monarch of a state is elected by the citizens of a different country. In New Zealand, the Maori King, head of the Kingitanga Movement, is elected by a council of Maori elders at the funeral of their predecessor, which is also where their coronation takes place. All of the Heads of the Maori King Movement have been descendants of the first Maori King, Potatau Te Wherowhero, who was elected and became King in June 1858. The current monarch is Queen <a href="Nga_wai_hono_i_te_po" title="Nga wai hono i te po">Nga wai hono i te po</a>, who was elected and became Queen on 5 September 2024 after the death of her father, King <a href="T%C5%ABheitia" title="Tūheitia">Tūheitia</a>, on 30 August 2024. As well as being Queen and head of the Kingitanga Movement, Queen Nga wai hono i te po is also <i>ex officio</i> the Paramount Chief of the Waikato-Tainui tribe.

</p><p>Appointment by the current monarch is another system, used in <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. It also was used in <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>; however, it was soon changed to semi-Salic because the instability of the appointment system resulted in <a href="History_of_Russia_(1721%E2%80%931796)" title="History of Russia (1721–1796)">an age of palace revolutions</a>. In this system, the monarch chooses the successor, who is always his relative.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ways_of_succession">Other ways of succession</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a>, <a href="Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a>, and <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></div>

<p>Other ways to succeed to a monarchy can be through claiming alternative votes (e.g. as in the case of the <a href="Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>), claims of a mandate to rule (e.g. a popular or <a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine mandate</a>), <a href="Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a>, a <a href="Coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, a will of the previous monarch or treaties between factions inside and outside of a monarchy (e.g. as in the case of the <a href="War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_accession">By accession</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Enthronement" title="Enthronement">Enthronement</a></div>

<p>The legitimacy and authorities of monarchs are often <a href="Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaimed</a> and recognized through occupying and being <a href="Investiture" title="Investiture">invested</a> with <a href="Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a>, seats, <a href="Deed" title="Deed">deeds</a> and <a href="Title" title="Title">titles</a>, like in the course of <a href="Coronation" title="Coronation">coronations</a>.

</p><p>This is especially employed to legitimize and settle disputed successions, changes in ways of succession, status of a monarch (e.g. as in the case of the <a href="Privilegium_Maius" title="Privilegium Maius"><i>privilegium maius</i></a> deed) or new monarchies altogether (e.g. as in the case of the <a href="Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">coronation of Napoleon I</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynasties">Dynasties</h4></div>

<p>Succession is often based on the expected continuation of a <a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic period</a> or association in a <a href="Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a>, which is sometimes <a href="War_of_succession" title="War of succession">challenged</a> by diverging <a href="Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a> and <a href="Legitimists_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Legitimists (disambiguation)">legitimism</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Succession_crisis">Succession crisis</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Succession crisis</a></div>

<p>In cases of succession challenges, it can be instrumental for <a href="Pretender" title="Pretender">pretenders</a> to secure or install <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> through the above, for example proof of accession like insignia, through treaties or a claim of a divine mandate to rule (e.g. by <a href="Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a> and his <a href="Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping Heavenly Kingdom</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_monarchies">Current monarchies</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current monarchs of sovereign states</a></div>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the Politics series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Basic forms of <a href="Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<a href="List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Broligarchy" title="Broligarchy">Broligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a>

<ul><li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li>

<li><a href="World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li>

<li><a href="Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>

<li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li>

<li><a href="Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li>

<li><a href="Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">

<p>Currently, there are 43 nations and a population of roughly half a billion people in the world with a monarch as head of state. They fall roughly into the following categories:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_realms">Commonwealth realms</h3></div>

<p><a href="Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> is, separately, monarch of fifteen <a href="Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> (<a href="Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, the <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>, the <a href="The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Commonwealth of the Bahamas</a>, <a href="Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Independent State of Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis</a>, <a href="Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, the <a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> and the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>). They evolved out of the <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> into fully independent states within the <a href="Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> that retain the King as head of state. All fifteen realms are constitutional monarchies and full democracies where the King has limited powers or a largely ceremonial role. The King is head of the <a href="Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (the established church of England), while the other 14 realms do not have a <a href="State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_European_constitutional_monarchies">Other European constitutional monarchies</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Principality of Andorra</a>, the <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Kingdom of Belgium</a>, the <a href="Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Kingdom of Denmark</a>, the <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, the <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Kingdom of Norway</a>, the <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>, and the <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Kingdom of Sweden</a> are fully democratic states in which the monarch has a limited or largely ceremonial role. Some countries have established a Christian religion as the official church. This is the Lutheran form of <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, while Andorra is a <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> country. Spain, Belgium, and the Netherlands have no official state religion. Luxembourg, which is predominantly Roman Catholic, has five so-called <i>officially recognized cults of national importance</i> (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Greek Orthodoxy, Judaism, and Islam), a status which gives those religions some privileges like the payment of a state salary to their priests.

</p><p>Andorra is unique among all existing monarchies, as it is a <a href="Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>, with the co-princes being shared by the <a href="President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> and the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">bishop of Urgell</a>. This situation, based on historical precedence, has created a peculiar situation among monarchies, as:

</p>

<ul><li>neither of the co-princes is of Andorran descent;</li>

<li>one is elected by citizens of a foreign country (France), but not by Andorrans as they cannot vote in the French presidential elections; and</li>

<li>the other, the bishop of Urgell, is appointed by a foreign head of state, the pope.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_semi-constitutional_monarchies">European semi-constitutional monarchies</h3></div>

<p>A <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a> is a monarchy where the monarch rules according to a democratic constitution but still retains substantial powers. The <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Principality of Liechtenstein</a> and the <a href="Monaco" title="Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a> are European semi-constitutional monarchies. For example, the <a href="2003_Liechtenstein_constitutional_referendum" title="2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum">2003 Constitution referendum</a> gave the <a href="Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Prince of Liechtenstein</a> the power to veto any law that the <i><a href="Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i> (parliament) proposes, while the Landtag can veto any law that the Prince tries to pass. The prince can appoint or dismiss any elective member or government employee. However, he is not an absolute monarch, as the people can call for a referendum to end the monarch's reign. When Hereditary Prince Alois threatened to veto a referendum to legalize abortion in 2011, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">prince of Monaco</a> has simpler powers; he cannot appoint or dismiss any elective member or government employee to or from his or her post, but he can elect the <a href="Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">minister of state</a>, <a href="Politics_of_Monaco" title="Politics of Monaco">government council</a> and judges. Both <a href="Albert_II%2C_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Albert II, Prince of Monaco</a>, and <a href="Hans-Adam_II%2C_Prince_of_Liechtenstein" title="Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein">Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein</a>, are theoretically very powerful within their small states, but they have very limited power compared to the Islamic monarchs (see below). They also own huge tracts of land and are shareholders in many companies.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchies_in_the_Muslim_world">Monarchies in the Muslim world</h3></div>

<p>The monarchies of the <a href="Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Kingdom of Bahrain</a>, the <a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</a>, the <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a>, the <a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">State of Kuwait</a>, <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Kingdom of Morocco</a>, the <a href="Oman" title="Oman">Sultanate of Oman</a>, the <a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">State of Qatar</a>, the <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>, and the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> generally retain far more powers than their European or Commonwealth counterparts. Brunei Darussalam, Oman, and Saudi Arabia remain absolute monarchies; Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and United Arab Emirates are classified as mixed, meaning there are representative bodies of some kind, but the monarch retains most of his powers. Jordan, Malaysia, and Morocco are constitutional monarchies, but their monarchs still retain more substantial powers than European equivalents.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_Southeast_Asian_constitutional_monarchies">East and Southeast Asian constitutional monarchies</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Kingdom of Bhutan</a>, the <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Kingdom of Cambodia</a>, the <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Kingdom of Thailand</a>, and <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a limited or merely ceremonial role. Bhutan made the change in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodia had its own monarchy after independence from the <a href="French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, but it was deposed after the <a href="Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> came into power. The monarchy was subsequently restored in the peace agreement of 1993. Thailand transitioned into a constitutional monarchy over the course of the 20th century. Japan has had a monarchy, an <a href="Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a>, according to legend, since Emperor Jimmu (reigned 660–585 BCE), making it the world's oldest existing monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their defeat in the <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Japan was forced into limiting the power of the Emperor, giving almost all of it to the <a href="National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_monarchies">Other monarchies</h3></div>

<p>Four monarchies do not fit into any of the above groups by virtue of geography or class of monarchy: the <a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Kingdom of Tonga</a> in <a href="Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>; the <a href="Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Kingdom of Eswatini</a> and the <a href="Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Kingdom of Lesotho</a> in Africa and the <a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a> in Europe. Of these, Lesotho and Tonga are constitutional monarchies, while Eswatini and the Vatican City are absolute monarchies.

</p><p>Eswatini is unique among these monarchies, often being considered a <a href="Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>: the King, or <a href="Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Ngwenyama</a>, rules alongside his mother, the <a href="Ndlovukati" title="Ndlovukati">Ndlovukati</a>, as dual heads of state.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was originally intended to provide a check on political power. The Ngwenyama, however, is considered the administrative head of state, while the Ndlovukati is considered the spiritual and national head of state, a position which more or less has become symbolic in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> is the absolute monarch of the Vatican City State (a separate entity from the <a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>) by virtue of his position as head of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and Bishop of Rome; he is an elected rather than a hereditary ruler, and does not have to be a citizen of the territory prior to his election by the cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Order of Malta</a> describes itself as a "sovereign subject" based on its unique history and unusual present circumstances, but its exact status in international law is a subject of debate.

</p><p>In <a href="Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, the position of head of state is described in Part III of the 1960 <a href="Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">Samoan constitution</a>. At the time the constitution was adopted, it was anticipated that future heads of state would be chosen from among the four Tama a 'Aiga "royal" paramount chiefs. However, this is not required by the constitution, and, for this reason, Samoa can be considered a republic rather than a <a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. However, each member of the <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Samoan parliament</a>, except for the two seats reserved for non-Samoans, must be a <i>matai</i>, a member of the hereditary political system known as the <a href="Fa%CA%BBamatai" title="Faʻamatai">Faʻamatai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">ruling Kim family</a> in <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (<a href="Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, <a href="Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> and <a href="Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>) has been described as a <i>de facto</i> <a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "hereditary dictatorship".<sup id="cite_ref-DPRKMonarch_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPRKMonarch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Clause 2 of Article 10 of the new edited Ten Fundamental Principles of the <a href="Workers'_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Korean Workers' Party</a> states that the party and revolution must be carried "eternally" by the "<a href="Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Baekdu</a> (Kim's) bloodline".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This though does not mean it is a <i>de jure</i> absolute monarchy, as the country's official name is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The <a href="Al-Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a>, which ruled <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from 1971 to 2024, was similarly categorised as such.<sup id="cite_ref-DPRKMonarch_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPRKMonarch-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_form_titles_for_the_country">Long form titles for the country</h3></div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Kingdom of Denmark</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li>State: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <i><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (de facto)</i>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li>

<li>Principality: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>

<li>Federation: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a>, <i><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (de facto)</i></li>

<li>Commonwealth: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>

<li>Sultanate: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>

<li>Nation: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</a></li>

<li>Grand Duchy: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li>Independent State: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li>Emirate: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> <i>(de</i> <i>jure)</i></li>

<li><i>None</i>: <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloistered_rule" title="Cloistered rule">Cloistered rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">List of current monarchies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current monarchs of sovereign states</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional monarchs">List of fictional monarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">List of monarchs by nickname</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">List of royalty by net worth</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">List of usurpers</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li>

<li><a href="President_for_life" title="President for life">President for life</a></li>

<li><a href="Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Family">Royal Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_and_noble_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and noble ranks">Royal and noble ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal monarchy</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now substituted with the concept of <a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malaysia is a special case. Malaysia's head of state, the <a href="Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> (often translated as "King"), is elected to serve a five-year term. However, he is elected from among the federation's subnational monarchies, each of whom inherit their position and rule for life.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples are <a href="Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> and <a href="Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> in the <a href="Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, <a href="Kim_il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim il-Sung">Kim il-Sung</a> and <a href="Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> in <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the <a href="Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza family</a> in <a href="Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> and <a href="Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a> in <a href="Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and <a href="Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> and <a href="Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> in <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> in the United States and the <a href="Nehru-Gandhi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru-Gandhi family">Nehru-Gandhi family</a> in <a href="India" title="India">India</a>. See <a href="List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">list of political families</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the end, this referendum failed to make it to a vote.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/monarchy">"Monarchy | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0010f8z">"The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"</a>. <a href="In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a>. October 14, 2021. <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Kottak1991-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kottak1991_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConrad_Phillip_Kottak1991" class="citation book cs1">Conrad Phillip Kottak (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NLtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cultural Anthropology</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 124. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-035615-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BoahenAjayi1986-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoahenAjayi1986_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFA._Adu_BoahenJ._F._Ade_AjayiMichael_Tidy1986" class="citation book cs1">A. Adu Boahen; J. F. Ade Ajayi; Michael Tidy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLoKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Topics in West African History</i></a>. Longman Group. p. 19. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-582-58504-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ">Political Violence in Ancient India</a></i>, p.23, "In later Vedic texts, the frequency of the word "dharma" decreased and its connotations shrank; it came to be especially connected with kingship and with the royal consecration ritual known as the rājasūya."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Traditions and encounters</i>. <a href="McGraw%E2%80%93Hill_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw–Hill Education">McGraw–Hill Education</a>. p. 63. <q>By about 5000 b.c.e. many Sudanic peoples had formed small monarchies ruled by kings who were viewed as divine or semidivine beings.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell & Scott</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Arthasastra: Selections from the Classic Indian Work on Statecraft</i>. Hackett Publishing. September 15, 2012. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781603849029</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Feminist Companion to Literature in English</i>, ed. Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements and Isobel Grundy, (London: Batsford, 1990), p. 272.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBohn1849" class="citation book cs1">Bohn, H. G. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTkBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22res%20publica%22%20republic%20democracy%20monarch&pg=PA640"><i>The Standard Library Cyclopedia of Political, Constitutional, Statistical and Forensic Knowledge</i></a>. p. 640. <q>A <i>republic</i>, according to the modern usage of the word, signifies a political community which is not under monarchical government ... in which one person does not possess the entire sovereign power.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-M-W-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Definition of Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2017</span>. <q>a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/republic">"The definition of republic"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2017</span>. <q>a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hermit-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hermit_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMansourov" class="citation web cs1">Mansourov, Alexandre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautilus.org/publications/books/dprkbb/negotiating/dprk-briefing-book-korean-monarch-kim-jong-il-technocrat-ruler-of-the-hermit-kingdom-facing-the-challenge-of-modernity/">"Korean Monarch Kim Jong Il: Technocrat Ruler of the Hermit Kingdom Facing the Challenge of Modernity"</a>. <a href="Nautilus_Institute_for_Security_and_Sustainability" title="Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability">The Nautilus Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922040313/http://nautilus.org/publications/books/dprkbb/negotiating/dprk-briefing-book-korean-monarch-kim-jong-il-technocrat-ruler-of-the-hermit-kingdom-facing-the-challenge-of-modernity/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Veenendaal, "Monarchy and Democracy in Small States: An Ambiguous Symbiosis," in S. Wolf, ed., <i>State Size Matters: Politik und Recht I'm Kontext von Kleinstaatlichkeit und Monarchie</i> (Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2016), pp. 183–198, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-658-07725-9_9">10.1007/978-3-658-07725-9_9</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-658-07724-2</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGerringWigVeenendaalWeitzel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gerring, John; Wig, Tore; Veenendaal, Wouter; Weitzel, Daniel; Teorell, Jan; Kikuta, Kyosuke (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-87297">"Why Monarchy? The Rise and Demise of a Regime Type"</a>. <i>Comparative Political Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>622. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414020938090">10.1177/0010414020938090</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F84589">10852/84589</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4140">0010-4140</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225612565">225612565</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, Adria (2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/886932">"Why Monarchies Still Reign"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>61. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2023.0017">10.1353/jod.2023.0017</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3214">1086-3214</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258184108">258184108</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUCL2021" class="citation web cs1">UCL (November 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/explainers/what-role-monarchy">"What is the role of the monarchy?"</a>. <i>The Constitution Unit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeemer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beemer, Cristy (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23064026">"The Female Monarchy: A Rhetorical Strategy of Early Modern Rule"</a></span>. <i>Rhetoric Review</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>274. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07350198.2011.581937">10.1080/07350198.2011.581937</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-0198">0735-0198</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23064026">23064026</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144455583">144455583</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theclassroom.com/definition-elective-monarchy-5221.html">"The Definition of an Elective Monarchy"</a>. <i>The Classroom | Empowering Students in Their College Journey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe" class="citation news cs1">Marlowe, Lara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/the-central-african-republic-where-emperor-bokassa-ruled-with-violence-and-greed-1.1750805">"The Central African Republic, where Emperor Bokassa ruled with violence and greed"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> (1999) <i><a href="The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, <a href="W.W._Norton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton and Company">W.W. Norton and Company</a>. p. 274. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-393-97351-4</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnckarAkademi2016" class="citation web cs1">Anckar, Carsten; Akademi, Åbo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecpr.eu/Events/PaperDetails.aspx?PaperID=30190&EventID=95">"Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing"</a>. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982 vol.1 p21</span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWimmerFeinstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wimmer, Andreas; Feinstein, Yuval (October 8, 2010). "The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>75</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">764–</span>790. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122410382639">10.1177/0003122410382639</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10075481">10075481</a>. <q>Sovereignty has a domestic and an external component. Domestically, a written constitution claims a nationally defined community of equal citizens as the political (and moral) foundation of the state and foresees some institutional representation of this community (not necessarily a freely elected parliament). Internal sovereignty thus stands in opposition to dynasticism, theocracy, feudal privilege, and mass slavery. [page 773]</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKurrild-Klitgaard2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). "The constitutional economics of autocratic succession". <i>Public Choice</i>. <b>103</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>84. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005078532251">10.1023/A:1005078532251</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-5829">0048-5829</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154097838">154097838</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKurrild-Klitgaard2004" class="citation book cs1">Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2004). "Autocratic Succession". <i>The Encyclopedia of Public Choice</i>. Vol. 103. pp. <span class="nowrap">358–</span>362. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-306-47828-4_39">10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_39</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-306-47828-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-NF_T-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NF_T_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NF_T_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfcj/0023.html">Tronföljd</a>, <i><a href="Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i>, vol. 30 (1920)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Statens_offentliga_utredningar" title="Statens offentliga utredningar">SOU</a> 1977:5 <i>Kvinnlig tronföljd</i>, p. 16.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Statens_offentliga_utredningar" title="Statens offentliga utredningar">SOU</a> 1977:5 <i>Kvinnlig tronföljd</i>, p. 16.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-15489544">"Overturning Centuries of Royal Rules"</a> (2011-10-28). <i>BBC.com</i>. Retrieved 2018-11-02.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Scalapino, Chong-Sik Lee. <i>The Society</i>. University of California Press, 1972. Pp. 689.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bong Youn Choy. A history of the Korean reunification movement: its issues and prospects. Research Committee on Korean Reunification, Institute of International Studies, Bradley University, 1984. Pp. 117.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-DPRKMonarch-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DPRKMonarch_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPRKMonarch_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2007" class="citation news cs1">Sheridan, Michael (September 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219000655/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2452356.ece">"A tale of two dictatorships: The links between North Korea and Syria"</a>. <i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2452356.ece">the original</a> on February 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

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</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/royalty" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:royalty">royalty</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchy.net/">The Constitutional Monarchy Association</a> in the UK</li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monarchy"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Monarchy">"Monarchy" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Monarchies295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial%2C_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>

<li><a href="Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li>

<li><a href="Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Government" title="Government">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li>

<li><a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li>

<li><a href="Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li>

<li><a href="Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa145" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>

<li><a href="King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>

<li><a href="King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>

<li><a href="Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>

<li><a href="King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Co-princes_of_Andorra" title="Co-princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li>

<li><a href="Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li>

<li><a href="Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li>

<li><a href="Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li>

<li><a href="Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li>

<li><a href="Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li>

<li><a href="Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>

<li><a href="Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li>

<li><a href="Wassoulou_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li>

<li><a href="Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li>

<li><a href="Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li>

<li><a href="Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li>

<li><i><a href="List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li>

<li><a href="Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li>

<li><a href="Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li>

<li><a href="Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li>

<li><a href="King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li>

<li><a href="Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li>

<li><a href="Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li>

<li><a href="Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li>

<li><a href="Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crowns241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crowns241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Crown" title="Crown">Crowns</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arms_of_Skanderbeg#The_helmet" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">Helmet of Skanderbeg</a> (Vienna)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archducal_hat" title="Archducal hat">Archducal hat of Austria</a> (Klosterneuburg)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Imperial Crown of Austria</a> (Vienna)</li>

<li>Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillantkrone_der_Kaiserin_Elisabeth_von_%C3%96sterreich" class="extiw external" title="de:Brillantkrone der Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich">de</a>) (missing)</li>

<li><a href="Archducal_hat_of_Tyrol" title="Archducal hat of Tyrol">Archducal hat of Tyrol</a> (Mariastein)</li>

<li><a href="Ducal_hat_of_Styria" title="Ducal hat of Styria">Ducal hat of Styria</a> (Graz)</li>

<li><a href="Archducal_hat_of_Joseph_II" title="Archducal hat of Joseph II">Archducal hat of Joseph II</a> (Vienna)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Saint_Wenceslas" title="Crown of Saint Wenceslas">Crown of Saint Wenceslas</a> (Prague)</li>

<li><a href="%C5%9Aroda_Treasure" title="Środa Treasure">Crown of the Środa Treasure</a> (Środa Śląska)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Pedro_I" title="Crown of Pedro I">Crown of Pedro I</a> (Petrópolis)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Crown of Brazil">Imperial Crown of Brazil</a> (Petrópolis)</li>

<li>Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil</li>

<li>Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Princess_Blanche" title="Crown of Princess Blanche">Crown of Princess Blanche</a> (Munich)</li>

<li><a href="Margaret_of_York#Crown_of_Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Crown of Margaret of York</a> (Aachen)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a> (Edinburgh)</li>

<li><a href="St_Edward's_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="State_Crown_of_Mary_of_Modena" title="State Crown of Mary of Modena">State Crown of Mary of Modena</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_James_I" title="Crown of James I">Crown of James I</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="State_Crown_of_Charles_II" title="State Crown of Charles II">State Crown of Charles II</a> (broken up)</li>

<li><a href="State_Crown_of_George_I" title="State Crown of George I">State Crown of George I</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Coronet_of_Frederick%2C_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Coronation_Crown_of_George_IV" title="Coronation Crown of George IV">Coronation Crown of George IV</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Diamond_Diadem" title="Diamond Diadem">Diamond Diadem</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Queen_Adelaide" title="Crown of Queen Adelaide">Crown of Queen Adelaide</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Small_Diamond_Crown_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria">Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Queen_Alexandra" title="Crown of Queen Alexandra">Crown of Queen Alexandra</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Coronet_of_George%2C_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronet of George, Prince of Wales">Coronet of George, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Queen_Camilla" title="Crown of Queen Camilla">Crown of Queen Mary</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_India" title="Imperial Crown of India">Imperial Crown of India</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> (London)</li>

<li><a href="Coronet_of_Charles%2C_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales">Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (London)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diamond_Crown_of_Bulgaria" title="Diamond Crown of Bulgaria">Diamond Crown of Bulgaria</a> (missing)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a>

<ul><li>Yishanguan</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tongtianguanfu" title="Tongtianguanfu">Tongtianguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mianguan" title="Mianguan">Mianguan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colombia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_the_Andes" title="Crown of the Andes">Crown of the Andes</a> (New York City)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Crown of Simón Bolívar">Crown of Simón Bolívar</a> (Bogotá)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Crown of José María Córdova">Crown of José María Córdova</a> (Rionegro)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown of Zvonimir</a> (missing)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Christian_IV" title="Crown of Christian IV">Crown of Christian IV</a> (Copenhagen)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Christian_V" title="Crown of Christian V">Crown of Christian V</a> (Copenhagen)</li>

<li><a href="Danish_Crown_Regalia#The_queen's_crown" title="Danish Crown Regalia">Crown of the Queen</a> (Copenhagen)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Charlemagne" title="Crown of Charlemagne">Crown of Charlemagne</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li>Crown of Saint Louis (destroyed)</li>

<li>Crown of Henry IV (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Louis_XV_of_France" title="Crown of Louis XV of France">Crown of Louis XV</a> (Paris)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Napoleon" title="Crown of Napoleon">Crown of Napoleon I</a> (Paris)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Napoleon_III" title="Crown of Napoleon III">Crown of Napoleon III</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" title="Crown of Empress Eugénie">Crown of Empress Eugénie</a> (Paris)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German_State_Crown" title="German State Crown">German State Crown</a> (heraldic)</li>

<li><b><a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></b>:

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Baden" title="Crown of Baden">Grand Ducal Crown of Baden</a> (Karlsruhe)</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b>:

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Bavaria" title="Crown of Bavaria">Royal Crown of Bavaria</a> (Munich)</li>

<li>Crown of the Queen of Bavaria (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_bayerischen_K%C3%B6nigin" class="extiw external" title="de:Krone der bayerischen Königin">de</a>) (Munich)</li>

<li>Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria (Munich)</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></b>:

<ul><li>Electoral Hat of Brandenburg (Berlin)</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></b>:

<ul><li>Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></b>:

<ul><li>Royal Crown of Hanover</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg</a></b>:

<ul><li><a href="Wendish_Crown" title="Wendish Crown">Wendish Crown</a> (heraldic)</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></b>:

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Crown of Frederick I of Prussia">Crown of Frederick I</a> (Berlin)</li>

<li>Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (Berlin)</li>

<li>Crown of Wilhelm I (missing)</li>

<li>Crown of Queen Augusta (missing)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Wilhelm_II" title="Crown of Wilhelm II">Crown of Wilhelm II</a> (Hohenzollern Castle)</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></b>:

<ul><li>Electoral Hat of Saxony (Dresden)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II the Strong</a> (Dresden)</li>

<li>Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong (Dresden)</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></b>:

<ul><li><a href="Crown_Jewels_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Crown Jewels of Württemberg">Royal Crown of Württemberg</a> (Stuttgart)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Greek_crown_jewels" title="Greek crown jewels">Crown of Greece</a> (Athens)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Faustin_I" title="Crown of Faustin I">Crown of Faustin I</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Hawaii" title="Crown of Hawaii">Crown of King Kalākaua</a> (Honolulu)</li>

<li>Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani (Honolulu)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman<br>Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire</a> (Vienna)</li>

<li><a href="Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Crown of Rudolf II</a> (Vienna)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crowns_of_Charles_VII" title="Imperial Crowns of Charles VII">Imperial Crowns of Charles VII</a> (Munich)</li>

<li><a href="Essen_Crown" title="Essen Crown">Essen Crown</a> (Essen)</li>

<li>Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist (Aachen)</li>

<li><a href="Bust_of_Charlemagne" title="Bust of Charlemagne">Reliquary Crown of Charlemagne</a> (Aachen)</li>

<li>Crown of Empress Cunigunde (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krone_der_Kaiserin_Kunigunde" class="extiw external" title="de:Krone der Kaiserin Kunigunde">de</a>) (Munich)</li>

<li>Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde (Munich)</li>

<li><a href="Reliquary_Crown_of_Henry_II" title="Reliquary Crown of Henry II">Reliquary Crown of Henry II</a> (Munich)</li>

<li>Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires (Speyer)</li>

<li>Reliquary Crown of Otto II (Halle (Saale))</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papal tiaras</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Papier-mâché Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li>

<li><a href="Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Napoleon Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846)</a> (Vatican City)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Spanish Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Pius IX</a> (Notre Dame, Indiana)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Palatine Tiara</a> (Vatican City)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope John XXIII</a> (Bergamo)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence#List_of_papal_tiaras_still_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">Tiara of Pope Paul VI</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown of Hungary</a> (Budapest)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sasanian_crowns" title="Sasanian crowns">Sasanian crowns</a></li>

<li><a href="Empress's_Crown" title="Empress's Crown">Empress's Crown</a> (Tehran)</li>

<li><a href="Kiani_Crown" title="Kiani Crown">Kiani Crown</a> (Tehran)</li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_Crown" title="Pahlavi Crown">Pahlavi Crown</a> (Tehran)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Iron_Crown" title="Iron Crown">Iron Crown</a> (Monza)</li>

<li>Royal Crown of Savoy (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_d%27Italia#XXI_secolo" class="extiw external" title="it:Corona d'Italia">it</a>) (Turin)</li>

<li>Crown of Theodelinda (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_di_Teodolinda" class="extiw external" title="it:Corona di Teodolinda">it</a>) (Monza)</li>

<li><a href="Grand_Ducal_Crown_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany">Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany</a> (missing)</li>

<li><a href="Constance_of_Aragon%2C_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress">Crown of Constance of Sicily</a> (Palermo)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Surviving_Portions_of_Ornaments_for_Imperial_Ceremonial_Attire_and_Crowns" title="Surviving Portions of Ornaments for Imperial Ceremonial Attire and Crowns">Imperial Crowns of Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōmyō</a> (Surviving Portions)</li>

<li><a href="Benkan" title="Benkan">Benkan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Benkan_of_Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Benkan of Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei Variant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kanmuri_(headwear)" title="Kanmuri (headwear)">Kanmuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Raikan" title="Raikan">Raikan</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Empress_Go-Sakuramachi" title="Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi">Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Baekje" title="Crown of Baekje">Crown of Baekje</a> (Gongju)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Gaya" title="Crown of Gaya">Crown of Gaya</a> (Yongin)</li>

<li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Crowns of Silla</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumgwanchong</a> (Gyeongju)</li>

<li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Cheonmachong</a> (Gyeongju)</li>

<li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Hwangnamdaechong</a> (Seoul)</li>

<li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Geumnyeongchong Tumulus</a> (Seoul)</li>

<li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Gold Crown of Seobongchong Tumulus</a> (Gyeongju)</li>

<li><a href="Crowns_of_Silla#Lists_of_Crowns_of_Silla" title="Crowns of Silla">Silver Crown</a> (Gyeongju)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ducal_hat_of_Liechtenstein" title="Ducal hat of Liechtenstein">Ducal hat of Liechtenstein</a> (missing; replica: Vaduz)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gediminas'_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a> (missing)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madagascar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Crown of Madagascar</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Ranavalona_III" title="Crown of Ranavalona III">Crown of Ranavalona III</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#First_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (First Mexican Empire)</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico#Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Imperial Crown of Mexico (Second Mexican Empire)</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Crown_of_Mexico" title="Imperial Crown of Mexico">Funerary crown of Maximilian I</a> (Vienna)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_the_Netherlands" title="Crown of the Netherlands">Crown of the Netherlands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norwegian_Crown_Prince's_Coronet" title="Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet">Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet</a> (Trondheim)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Norway" title="Crown of Norway">Crown of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li>

<li><a href="Queen_of_Norway's_Crown" title="Queen of Norway's Crown">Crown of the Queen of Norway</a> (Trondheim)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Crown of Bolesław I the Brave">Crown of Bolesław I the Brave</a> (destroyed; replica: Stará Ľubovňa)</li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Crown_(Polish_crown_jewel)" title="Swedish Crown (Polish crown jewel)">Swedish Crown</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Muscovy_Crown" title="Muscovy Crown">Muscovy Crown</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Crown" title="Hungarian Crown">Hungarian Crown</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Homagial_Crown" title="Homagial Crown">Homagial Crown</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Funeral_Crown" title="Funeral Crown">Funeral Crown</a> (missing)</li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Crown" title="Queen's Crown">Queen's Crown</a> (destroyed)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Crown of Augustus II the Strong">Crown of Augustus II</a> (Dresden)</li>

<li>Funeral Crown of Augustus II (Dresden)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Crown of Augustus III of Poland">Crown of Augustus III</a> (Warsaw)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Queen_Maria_Josepha" title="Crown of Queen Maria Josepha">Crown of Maria Josepha</a> (Warsaw)</li>

<li><a href="P%C5%82ock_Diadem" title="Płock Diadem">Płock Diadem</a> (Płock)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Jo%C3%A3o_VI" title="Crown of João VI">Crown of João VI</a> (Lisbon)</li>

<li><a href="Diadem_of_the_Stars" title="Diadem of the Stars">Diadem of the Stars</a> (Lisbon)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Elisabeta</a> (Bucharest)</li>

<li><a href="Regalia_of_Romania" title="Regalia of Romania">Crown of Maria</a> (Bucharest)</li>

<li><a href="Steel_Crown_of_Romania" title="Steel Crown of Romania">Steel Crown of Romania</a> (Bucharest)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monomakh's_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">"Cap of Monomakh"</a></li>

<li>Crown of Kazan Tzardom</li>

<li>Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich</li>

<li>Cap of Monomakh of the second set</li>

<li>Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I</li>

<li>Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V</li>

<li>Altabas crown of the third set</li>

<li>Crown of Empress Catherine I</li>

<li>Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna</li>

<li><a href="Imperial_crown_of_Russia" title="Imperial crown of Russia">Great Imperial Crown</a></li>

<li>Maltese Crown</li>

<li>Small Imperial Crown</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regalia_of_Serbia#Karađorđević_Crown" title="Regalia of Serbia">Karađorđević Crown</a> (Belgrade)</li>

<li><a href="Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Nemanjić Crowns</a>

<ul><li><a href="Regalia_of_Serbia#Nemanjić_Crowns" title="Regalia of Serbia">Crown of Stefan Uroš III</a> (Cetinje)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Stephen_Bocskai" title="Crown of Stephen Bocskai">Crown of Stephen Bocskai</a> (Vienna)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain</a> (heraldic)</li>

<li><a href="Regalia_of_Spain" title="Regalia of Spain">Royal Crown of Spain (Tumular Crown)</a> (Madrid)</li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Sancho_IV" title="Crown of Sancho IV">Crown of Sancho IV</a> (Toledo)</li>

<li>Crown of Isabella I of Castile (Granada)</li>

<li>Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings (Seville)</li>

<li>Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo (Toledo)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Eric_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Eric XIV">Crown of Eric XIV</a> (Stockholm)</li>

<li><a href="Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown,_scepter_and_orb_of_the_queen_consort" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Queen</a> (Stockholm)</li>

<li><a href="Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_of_Queen_Christina" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of Queen Christina</a> (Stockholm)</li>

<li><a href="Regalia_of_Sweden#Crown_Prince_coronet" title="Regalia of Sweden">Crown of the Heir Apparent</a> (Stockholm)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Crown of Tahiti (Punaauia)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Tonga" title="Crown of Tonga">Crown of Tonga</a> (Nukuʻalofa)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crown_of_Rus" title="Crown of Rus">Crown of Rus</a> (missing)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Africa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crowns_of_Egypt" title="Crowns of Egypt">Crowns of Egypt</a></li>

<li>Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros (Ethiopia)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Asia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Raven_Crown" title="Raven Crown">Raven Crown</a> (Bhutan)</li>

<li><a href="Shripech" title="Shripech">Shripech</a> (Nepal)</li>

<li>Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (Sri Lanka)</li>

<li><a href="Great_Crown_of_Victory" title="Great Crown of Victory">Great Crown of Victory</a> (Thailand)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_jewels" title="Crown jewels">Crown jewels</a></li>

<li><a href="Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a></li>

<li><a href="Regalia" title="Regalia">Regalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_royal_symbols#Canadian_Royal_Crown" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian Heraldic Crown</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li>

<li><a href="Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Government" title="Government">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="People" title="People">People</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Property" title="Property">Property</a></li>

<li><a href="Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li>

<li><a href="Society" title="Society">Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li>

<li><a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li>

<li><a href="Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li>

<li><a href="Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li>

<li><a href="Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li>

<li><a href="Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li>

<li><a href="Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>

<li><a href="Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li>

<li><a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>

<li><a href="Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>

<li><a href="Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li>

<li><a href="Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li>

<li><a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plato's_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li>

<li><a href="Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li>

<li><a href="Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li>

<li><a href="Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li>

<li><a href="Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li>

<li><a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br>period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li>

<li><a href="Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hobbes's_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li>

<li><a href="Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br>centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li>

<li><a href="Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li>

<li><a href="Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li>

<li><a href="Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li>

<li><a href="Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li>

<li><a href="Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li>

<li><a href="Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br>centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li>

<li><a href="B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li>

<li><a href="Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li>

<li><a href="Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li>

<li><a href="Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li>

<li><a href="Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li>

<li><a href="Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li>

<li><a href="Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="De_re_publica" title="De re publica">On the Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(51 BC)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1313)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1532)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1651)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1689)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1748)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1762)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1790)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1791)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1848)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1859)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1944)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1945)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1971)</span></li>

<li><i><a href="The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li>

<li><a href="Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category:Political philosophy</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040034-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086679">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="monarchie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122964&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541137005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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